420 research outputs found
Efectos de la salinidad sobre la gravedad específica y la viabilidad de huevos de una carpa norteamericana (Ciprinidae)
The influence of salinity on survival, specific gravity, and size of eggs of the endangered Hybognathus amarus (Rio Grande silvery minnow) was studied to provide insight into factors affecting their potential dispersal and fate. Under low salinity conditions egg specific gravity declined significantly in the first hour after spawning as the perivitelline space of the egg filled with water. Egg specific gravity achieved a minimum value approximately 1 h post-spawning and remained approximately constant until hatching, which occurred near 48 h post-spawning at 20°C. Specific gravity of the egg depended on the salinity of the water surrounding the egg: hardened eggs changed rapidly in diameter and specific gravity when exposed to water of higher salinity. Size and specific gravity of H. amarus eggs also differed when the eggs were incubated in different groundwater sources. Experiments indicated that calcium chloride saline solution had a greater effect on egg specific gravity and size than did solutions of sodium or potassium chlorides. Survival of H. amarus eggs declined sharply at salinity greater than 3 (practical salinity units, PSU) and was only 5% at a salinity of 8. Habitat restoration to benefit H. amarus should consider the salinity of habitats in which eggs incubate.El efecto de la salinidad sobre la supervivencia, gravedad específica y talla de los huevos del ciprínido puesto en peligro de extinción, Hybognathus amarus, fue estudiado para proporcionar información sobre los factores que afectan la dispersión y el destino de los huevos. Bajo condiciones de salinidad baja la gravedad específica del huevo disminuyó de forma significativa durante la primera hora después de la puesta, a medida que el espacio del perivitelino del huevo se fue llenando de agua. la gravedad específica del huevo alcanzó un valor mínimo 1 hora después de la puesta y quedó aproximadamente constante hasta eclosión, que ocurrió alrededor de 48 horas tras la puesta a 20˚C. la gravedad específica del huevo dependió de la salinidad del agua que le rodeaba. los huevos con corion endurecido cambiaron rápidamente en diámetro y gravedad específica cuando fueron expuestos a agua de salinidad más alta. El tamaño y la gravedad específica de los huevos de H. amarus también se diferenciaron cuando los huevos fueron incubados en diferentes fuentes de agua subterránea. Los experimentos indicaron que la solución salina del cloruro de calcio tuvo un mayor efecto sobre la gravedad específica del huevo que las soluciones de los cloruros del sodio o del potasio. Expuestos a soluciones de salinidad de más de 3 (PsU), la supervivencia de los huevos de H. amarus disminuyó claramente, bajando a sólo el 5% en la solución de 8. la restauración del hábitat con el objetivo de beneficiar a H. amarus debe considerar la salinidad de los hábitats en los cuales el huevo incuba
Supersoft X-ray sources in M31: II. ROSAT-detected supersoft sources in the ROSAT, Chandra and XMM eras
We have performed Chandra observations during the past 3 years of 5 of the
M31 supersoft X-ray sources (SSS) discovered with ROSAT. Surprisingly, only one
of these sources has been detected, despite a predicted detection of about
20-80 counts. This has motivated a thorough check of the ROSAT M31 survey I
data, including a relaxation of the hardness ratio requirement used to select
SSS. This increases the number of SSS identified in survey I by 7. We then
carried out a comparison with the ROSAT M31 survey II dataset which had
hitherto not been explicitly investigated for SSS. We find that most of the
ROSAT survey I sources are not detected, and only two new SSS are identified.
The low detection rate in the ROSAT survey II and our Chandra observations
implies that the variability time scale of SSS is a few months. If the majority
of these sources are close-binary SSS with shell hydrogen burning, it further
implies that half of these sources predominantly experience large mass transfer
rates.Comment: accepted for publ. in ApJ; 2 ps-figures; high-quality figures
available at http://www.mpe.mpg.de/~jcg/publis.htm
e-VLBI observations of Circinus X-1: monitoring of the quiescent and flaring radio emission on AU scales
A recent detection of the peculiar neutron star X-ray binary Circinus X-1
with electronic very long baseline interferometry (e-VLBI) prompted the
suggestion that compact, non-variable radio emission persists through the
entire 16.6-day orbit of the binary system. We present the results of a high
angular resolution monitoring campaign conducted with the Australian Long
Baseline Array in real-time e-VLBI mode. e-VLBI observations of Circinus X-1
were made on alternate days over a period of 20 days covering the full binary
orbit. A compact radio source associated with Circinus X-1 was clearly detected
at orbital phases following periastron passage but no compact radio emission
was detected at any other orbital phase, ruling out the presence of a
persistent, compact emitting region at our sensitivity levels. The jet was not
resolved at any epoch of our 1.4-GHz monitoring campaign, suggesting that the
ultrarelativistic flow previously inferred to exist in this source is likely to
be dark. We discuss these findings within the context of previous radio
monitoring of Circinus X-1.Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRAS. 7 pages, 5 figure
The first resolved imaging of milliarcsecond-scale jets in Circinus X-1
We present the first resolved imaging of the milliarcsecond-scale jets in the
neutron star X-ray binary Circinus X-1, made using the Australian Long Baseline
Array. The angular extent of the resolved jets is ~20 milliarcseconds,
corresponding to a physical scale of ~150 au at the assumed distance of 7.8
kpc. The jet position angle is relatively consistent with previous
arcsecond-scale imaging with the Australia Telescope Compact Array. The radio
emission is symmetric about the peak, and is unresolved along the minor axis,
constraining the opening angle to be less than 20 degrees. We observe evidence
for outward motion of the components between the two halves of the observation.
Constraints on the proper motion of the radio-emitting components suggest that
they are only mildly relativistic, although we cannot definitively rule out the
presence of the unseen, ultra-relativistic (Lorentz factor >15) flow previously
inferred to exist in this system.Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRAS Letters. 6 pages, 4 figure
Comment on “Discovery of davemaoite, CaSiO₃-perovskite, as a mineral from the lower mantle”
Tschauner et al. (Reports, 11 November 2021, p. 891) present evidence that diamond GRR-1507 formed in the lower mantle. Instead, the data support a much shallower origin in cold, subcratonic lithospheric mantle. X-ray diffraction data are well matched to phases common in microinclusion-bearing lithospheric diamonds. The calculated bulk inclusion composition is too imprecise to uniquely confirm CaSiO₃ stoichiometry and is equally consistent with inclusions observed in other lithospheric diamonds
An X-ray spectral survey of the disc of M31 with XMM-Newton
We present the results of a complete spectral survey of the X-ray point
sources detected in five XMM-Newton observations along the major axis of M31
but avoiding the central bulge, aimed at establishing the population
characteristics of X-ray sources in this galaxy. We obtained background
subtracted spectra and lightcurves for each of the 335 X-ray point sources
detected across the five observations from 2002. We also correlate our source
list with those of earlier X-ray surveys and radio, optical and infra-red
catalogues. Sources with more than 50 source counts are individually spectrally
fit in order to create the most accurate luminosity functions of M31 to date.
Based on the spectral fitting of these sources with a power law model, we
observe a broad range of best fit photon index. From this distribution of best
fit index, we identify 16 strong high mass X-ray binary system candidates in
M31. We show the first cumulative luminosity functions created using the best
fit spectral model to each source with more than 50 source counts in the disc
of M31. The cumulative luminosity functions show a prominent, statistically
significant flattening in the X-ray luminosity LX interval 37.0 \lesssim log LX
erg s-1 \lesssim 37.5. Such a feature may also be present in the X-ray
populations of several other galaxies, but at a much lower statistical
significance. We investigate the number of AGN present in our source list and
find that above LX ~1.4x1036 erg s-1 the observed population is statistically
dominated by the point source population of M31.Comment: accepted by A&A. 24 pages, 6 figures, 7 table
"Low-state" Black Hole Accretion in Nearby Galaxies
I summarize the main observational properties of low-luminosity AGNs in
nearby galaxies to argue that they are the high-mass analogs of black hole
X-ray binaries in the "low/hard" state. The principal characteristics of
low-state AGNs can be accommodated with a scenario in which the central engine
is comprised of three components: an optically thick, geometrically accretion
disk with a truncated inner radius, a radiatively inefficient flow, and a
compact jet.Comment: 8 pages. To appear in From X-ray Binaries to Quasars: Black Hole
Accretion on All Mass Scales, ed. T. J. Maccarone, R. P. Fender, and L. C. Ho
(Dordrecht: Kluwer
Rms-flux relation of Cyg X-1 with RXTE: dipping and nondipping cases
The rms (root mean square) variability is the parameter for understanding the
emission temporal properties of X-ray binaries (XRBs) and active galactic
nuclei (AGN).
The rms-flux relation with Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE) data for the
dips and nondip of black hole Cyg X-1 has been investigated in this paper. Our
results show that there exist the linear rms-flux relations in the frequency
range 0.1-10 Hz for the dipping light curve. Moreover, this linear relation
still remains during the nondip regime, but with the steeper slope than that of
the dipping case in the low energy band. For the high energy band, the slopes
of the dipping and nondipping cases are hardly constant within errors. The
explanations of the results have been made by means of the ``Propagating
Perturbation'' model of Lyubarskii (1997).Comment: 15 pages, 12 figures, Accepted for publication in Astrophysics &
Space Scienc
The central region of M31 observed with XMM-Newton (I. Group properties and diffuse emission)
We present the results of a study based on an XMM-Newton Performance
Verification observation of the central 30 arcmin of the nearby spiral galaxy
M31. In the 34-ks European Photon Imaging Camera (EPIC) exposure, we detect 116
sources down to a limiting luminosity of 6 x 10^35 erg/s (0.3--12 keV, d = 760
kpc). The luminosity distribution of the sources detected with XMM-Newton
flattens at luminosities below ~ 2.5 x 10^37 erg/s. We make use of hardness
ratios for the detected sources in order to distinguish between classes of
objects such as super-soft sources and intrinsically hard or highly absorbed
sources. We demonstrate that the spectrum of the unresolved emission in the
bulge of M31 contains a soft excess which can be fitted with a ~ 0.35-keV
optically-thin thermal-plasma component clearly distinct from the composite
point-source spectrum. We suggest that this may represent diffuse gas in the
centre of M31, and we illustrate its extent in a wavelet-deconvolved image.Comment: to appear in the XMM-Newton special issue of A&A (Vol 365, January
2001). High-resolution versions of fig. 1 and fig. 6 available on reques
Nucleosynthetic osmium isotope anomalies in acid leachates of the Murchison meteorite
We present osmium isotopic results obtained by sequential leaching of the
Murchison meteorite, which reveal the existence of very large internal
anomalies of nucleosynthetic origin. The Os isotopic anomalies are correlated,
and can be explained by the variable contributions of components derived from
the s, r and p-processes of nucleosynthesis. Much of the s-process rich osmium
is released by relatively mild leaching, suggesting the existence of an easily
leachable s-process rich presolar phase, or alternatively, of a chemically
resistant r-process rich phase. The s-process composition of Os released by
mild leaching diverges slightly from that released by aggressive digestion
techniques, perhaps suggesting that the presolar phases attacked by these
differing procedures condensed in different stellar environments. The
correlation between 190Os and 188Os can be used to constrain the s-process
190Os/188Os ratio to be 1.275 pm 0.043. Such a ratio can be reproduced in a
nuclear reaction network for a MACS value for 190Os of ~200 pm 22 mbarn at 30
keV. We also present evidence for extensive internal variation of 184Os
abundances in the Murchison meteorite. This suggests that p process rich
presolar grains (e.g., supernova condensates) may be present in meteorites in
sufficient quantities to influence the Os isotopic compositions of the
leachates.Comment: 40 pages, 9 figures, 2 tables. Accepted for publication in Earth and
Planetary Science Letter
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